NTSB

Probable Cause: The pilot receiving instruction’s failure to extend the landing gear prior to landing. Also contributing was the flight instructor’s failure to monitor the airplane’s configuration while on approach to land.

Probable Cause: The pilot’s failure to maintain directional control and terrain clearance during initial climb, that resulted in an impact with trees and terrain.

Probable Cause: The total loss of engine power during the initial climb due to fuel exhaustion.

Probable Cause: The pilots’ inadequate preflight fuel planning and in-flight fuel management, which resulted in a total loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion.

Probable Cause: The pilot’s failure to maintain airplane control after a partial loss of engine power during initial climb. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s failure to follow airplane flight manual procedures and limitations for the turbocharged engine, which resulted in a loss of engine power due to cold weather effects on the turbocharger control system.

Probable Cause: The pilots’ improper landing flare, which resulted in a hard landing, runway excursion, and subsequent impact with a terminal sign and taxi light.

Probable Cause: The airplane’s encounter with unexpected wind shear during final approach, which resulted in a hard landing short of the runway.

Probable Cause: The pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during landing with an excessive touchdown speed that resulted in a loss of control and impact with terrain.